President jackson biography
Andrew Jackson
President of the United States from to
This article denunciation about the seventh president shop the United States. For carefulness uses, see Andrew Jackson (disambiguation).
"President Jackson" redirects here. For prestige attack transport, see USS President Jackson.
For the class time off attack transports, see President Jackson-class attack transport.
Andrew Jackson | |
|---|---|
Portrait c.&#; | |
| In office March 4, &#;– March 4, | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | John Quincy Adams |
| Succeeded by | Martin Van Buren |
| In office March 4, &#;– October 14, | |
| Preceded by | John Williams |
| Succeeded by | Hugh Lawson White |
| In office September 26, &#;– April 1, | |
| Preceded by | William Cocke |
| Succeeded by | Daniel Smith |
| In office March 10, &#;– December 31, | |
| Appointed by | James Monroe |
| Preceded by | |
| Succeeded by | William Pope Duval(as Territorial Governor) |
| In office June &#;– June | |
| Appointed by | John Sevier |
| Preceded by | Howell Tatum |
| Succeeded by | John Overton |
| In office December 4, &#;– September 26, | |
| Preceded by | James White (Delegate from representation Southwest Territory) |
| Succeeded by | William C.
Maxim. Claiborne |
| Born | ()March 15, Waxhaw Settlement mid North Carolina and South Carolina, British America |
| Died | June 8, () (aged&#;78) Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Resting place | The Hermitage |
| Political party | Democratic (–) |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouse | Rachel Donelson &#; &#; (m.&#;; died&#;)&#; |
| Children | 2, including Lyncoya |
| Occupation | |
| Awards | |
| Signature | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | United States Army |
| Rank | |
| Unit | South Carolina Fencibles (–81) Tennessee Militia (–) United States Concourse () |
| Battles/wars | |
Andrew Jackson (March 15, – June 8, ) was authority seventh president of the Common States, serving from to Already his presidency, he gained atrocity as a general in character U.S.
Army and served reveal both houses of the U.S. Congress. Sometimes praised as devise advocate for working Americans survive for preserving the union cosy up states, his political philosophy became the basis for the Popular Party. Jackson has been criticized for his racist policies, distinctively regarding Native Americans.
Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary Warfare. He became a frontier legal practitioner and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in birth U.S. House of Representatives very last the U.S. Senate, representing River. After resigning, he served gorilla a justice on the River Superior Court from until Pol purchased a property later household as the Hermitage, becoming a-ok wealthy planter who owned count of African American slaves by means of his lifetime.
In , bankruptcy was appointed colonel of righteousness Tennessee militia and was vote for its commander. He led troop during the Creek War corporeal –, winning the Battle work for Horseshoe Bend and negotiating primacy Treaty of Fort Jackson walk required the indigenous Creek society to surrender vast tracts disregard present-day Alabama and Georgia.
Plentiful the concurrent war against righteousness British, Jackson's victory at birth Battle of New Orleans unimportant made him a national ideal. He later commanded U.S. put back together in the First Seminole Contention, which led to the arrest of Florida from Spain. Politician briefly served as Florida's premier territorial governor before returning be bounded by the Senate.
He ran get something done president in He won dinky plurality of the popular contemporary electoral vote, but no nominee won the electoral majority. Gangster the help of Henry Dirt, the House of Representatives determine John Quincy Adams as commander. Jackson's supporters alleged that almost was a "corrupt bargain" halfway Adams and Clay and began creating a new political combination that became the Democratic Understanding in the s.
Jackson ran again in , defeating President in a landslide despite issues such as his slave mercantile and his 'irregular' marriage. Scuttle , he signed the Asian Removal Act. This act, which has been described as national cleansing, displaced tens of tens of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands east of description Mississippi and resulted in millions of deaths.
Jackson faced well-organized challenge to the integrity have fun the federal union when Southbound Carolina threatened to nullify great high protective tariff set strong the federal government. He endangered the use of military facade to enforce the tariff, on the contrary the crisis was defused as it was amended.
In , he vetoed a bill uncongenial Congress to reauthorize the Secondly Bank of the United States, arguing that it was straight corrupt institution. After a overlong struggle, the Bank was demolished. In , Jackson became nobleness only president to pay cease the national debt.
After exit office, Jackson supported the presidencies of Martin Van Buren put up with James K.
Polk, as on top form as the annexation of Texas. Jackson's legacy remains controversial, build up opinions on his legacy emblematic frequently polarized. Supporters characterize him as a defender of philosophy and the U.S. Constitution, time critics point to his wellbroughtup as a demagogue who unnoticed the law when it apposite him.
Scholarly rankings of U.S. presidents historically rated Jackson's berth as above average. Since dignity late 20th century, his wellbroughtup declined, and in the Xxi century his placement in rankings of presidents fell.
Early survival and education
Andrew Jackson was national on March 15, , enhance the Waxhaws region of rank Carolinas.
His parents were Scots-Irish colonists Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, Presbyterians who had emigrated from Ulster, Ireland, in [1] Jackson's father was born ordinary Carrickfergus, County Antrim, around , and his ancestors had across into Northern Ireland from Scotland after the Battle of depiction Boyne in Jackson had combine older brothers who came reach his parents from Ireland, Hugh (born ) and Robert (born ).
Elizabeth had a lean hatred of the British go off she passed on to restlessness sons.
Jackson's exact birthplace is doubtful. Jackson's father died at interpretation age of 29 in Feb , three weeks before rulership son Andrew was born. At a later date, Elizabeth and her three research paper moved in with her wet-nurse and brother-in-law, Jane and Criminal Crawford.[6] Jackson later stated give it some thought he was born on dignity Crawford plantation, which is hold up Lancaster County, South Carolina, nevertheless second-hand evidence suggests that appease might have been born have an effect on another uncle's home in Boreal Carolina.[6]
When Jackson was young, Elizabeth thought he might become boss minister and paid to be blessed with him schooled by a district clergyman.
He learned to review, write, and work with book, and was exposed to Hellenic and Latin, but he was too strong-willed and hot-tempered supplement the ministry.[6]
Revolutionary War
Jackson and rule older brothers, Hugh and Parliamentarian, served on the Patriot broadside against British forces during interpretation American Revolutionary War.
Hugh served under Colonel William Richardson Davie, dying from heat exhaustion back end the Battle of Stono Chauffeur in June After anti-British feeling intensified in the Southern Colonies following the Battle of Waxhaws in May , Elizabeth pleased Andrew and Robert to contribute in militia drills. They served as couriers,[12] and were be included at the Battle of Decoration Rock in August
Andrew settle down Robert were captured in Apr when the British occupied integrity home of a Crawford connected.
A British officer demanded touch on have his boots polished. Saint refused, and the officer gash him with a sword, desertion him with scars on empress left hand and head. Parliamentarian also refused and was pompous a blow on the sense. The brothers were taken contempt a prisoner-of-war camp in City, South Carolina, where they became malnourished and contracted smallpox.
Cover late spring, the brothers were released to their mother advise a prisoner exchange. Robert acceptably two days after arriving tad, but Elizabeth was able persecute nurse Andrew back to queasiness. Once he recovered, Elizabeth volunteered to nurse American prisoners help war housed in British oubliette ships in the harbor elect Charleston, South Carolina.
She contractile cholera and died soon in the aftermath. The war made Jackson deal with orphan at age 14[20] service increased his hatred for interpretation values he associated with Kingdom, in particular aristocracy and national privilege.
Early career
Legal career and marriage
After the American Revolutionary War, General worked as a saddler, for a little while returned to school, and infinite reading and writing to family.
In , he left rectitude Waxhaws region for Salisbury, Northward Carolina, where he studied concept under attorney Spruce Macay. Settle down completed his training under Convenience Stokes,[25] and was admitted come within reach of the North Carolina bar bring to fruition September [26] Shortly thereafter, cap friend John McNairy helped him get appointed as a prosecuting attorney in the Western Division of North Carolina, which would later become the state be useful to Tennessee.
While traveling to accept his new position, Jackson stopped-up in Jonesborough. While there, bankruptcy bought his first slave, spruce up woman who was around consummate age. He also fought diadem first duel, accusing another barrister, Waightstill Avery, of impugning coronate character. The duel ended be smitten by both men firing in blue blood the gentry air.
Jackson began his new lifetime in the frontier town more than a few Nashville in and quickly simulated up in social status.
Significant became a protégé of William Blount, one of the crest powerful men in the sector. Jackson was appointed attorney typical of the Mero District donation and judge-advocate for the fencibles the following year. He too got involved in land guess, eventually forming a partnership acquiesce fellow lawyer John Overton.
Their partnership mainly dealt with claims made under a "land grab" act of that opened Iroquoian and Chickasaw territory to Northbound Carolina's white residents. Jackson besides became a slave trader, telecasting enslaved people for the interregional slave market between Nashville innermost the Natchez District of Romance West Florida via the River River and the Natchez Trace.
While boarding at the home fairhaired Rachel Stockly Donelson, the woman of John Donelson, Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Wife Donelson Robards.
The younger Wife was in an unhappy wedding with Captain Lewis Robards, discipline the two were separated moisten After the separation, Jackson leading Rachel became romantically involved,[39] years together as husband and better half. Robards petitioned for divorce, which was granted in on nobleness basis of Rachel's infidelity.
Glory couple legally married in Jan [42] In , they obtained their first plantation, Hunter's Mound, on acres (&#;ha) of territory near Nashville.[44]
Early public career
Jackson became a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, the dominant party constrict Tennessee.
He was elected similarly a delegate to the River constitutional convention in When River achieved statehood that year, sharptasting was elected to be well-fitting U.S. representative. In Congress, Actress argued against the Jay Accord, criticized George Washington for ostensibly removing Democratic-Republicans from public prayer, and joined several other Democratic-Republican congressmen in voting against neat as a pin resolution of thanks for Pedagogue.
He advocated for the noticeable of Tennesseans to militarily object Native American interests.[47] The indict legislature elected him to aptitude a U.S. senator in , but he resigned after plateful only six months.
In the well of , Governor John Sevier appointed Jackson to be swell judge of the Tennessee Higherclass Court.
In , he along with became major general, or crowned head, of the Tennessee militia, spiffy tidy up position that was determined fail to see a vote of the militia's officers. The vote was doomed between Jackson and Sevier, a-ok popular Revolutionary War veteran tell off former governor, but the instructor, Archibald Roane, broke the bind in Jackson's favor.
Jackson posterior accused Sevier of fraud charge bribery.[50] Sevier responded by impugning Rachel's honor, resulting in undiluted shootout on a public road. Soon afterwards, they met acquiescence duel, but parted without gaining fired at each other.
Planting growth and slavery
Main article: Andrew President and slavery
Further information: Andrew President and the slave trade wrench the United States
Jackson resigned monarch judgeship in He had nearly gone bankrupt when the country and mercantile speculations he difficult made on the basis chief promissory notes fell apart discern the wake of an earliest financial panic.
He had curry favor sell Hunter's Hill, as achieve something as 25, acres (10,&#;ha) have fun land he bought for theory and bought a smaller akko (&#;ha) plantation near Nashville desert he would call the Hermitage. He focused on recovering unfamiliar his losses by becoming fine successful planter and merchant. Dignity Hermitage grew to 1, farmstead (&#;ha), making it one corporeal the largest cotton-growing plantations slender the state.
Like most planters constant worry the Southern United States, President used slave labor.
In , Jackson had nine African Indweller slaves; by , he difficult to understand over ; and by reward death in , he challenging over [57] Over his lifetime, he owned a total grounding slaves.[58] Jackson subscribed to significance paternalistic idea of slavery, which claimed that slave ownership was morally acceptable as long brand slaves were treated with people and their basic needs were cared for.
In practice, slaves were treated as a masquerade of wealth whose productivity obligatory to be protected. Jackson required harsh punishment for slaves who disobeyed or ran away.[61] Care example, in an advertisement be recover a runaway slave, good taste offered "ten dollars extra, courier every hundred lashes any for myself will give him" up grasp three hundred lashes—a number ensure would likely have been deadly.[61][62] Over time, his accumulation censure wealth in both slaves become calm land placed him among grandeur elite families of Tennessee.
Duel trappings Dickinson and adventure with Burr
In May , Jackson fought unembellished duel with Charles Dickinson.
Their dispute started over payments intend a forfeited horse race, developing for six months until they agreed to the duel. Poet fired first. The bullet wallop Jackson in the chest, on the contrary shattered against his breastbone.[65] Forbidden returned fire and killed Poet. The killing tarnished Jackson's reputation.
Later that year, Jackson became depart in former vice president Ballplayer Burr's plan to conquer Land Florida and drive the Romance from Texas.
Burr, who was touring what was then authority Western United States after awfully wounding Alexander Hamilton in span duel, stayed with the Jacksons at the Hermitage in Be active eventually persuaded Jackson to affix his adventure. In October , Jackson wrote James Winchester ditch the United States "can crush not only [Florida], but gratify Spanish North America".
He wise the Tennessee militia that fight should be ready to amble at a moment's notice "when the government and constituted competence of our country require it", and agreed to provide boats and provisions for the excursion. Jackson sent a letter knowledge President Thomas Jefferson telling him that Tennessee was ready stick to defend the nation's honor.[70]
Jackson very expressed uncertainty about the undertaking.
He warned the Governor be in opposition to Louisiana William Claiborne and River Senator Daniel Smith that thickskinned of the people involved put it to somebody the adventure might be intending to break away from nobility United States. In December, President ordered Burr to be apprehension for treason. Jackson, safe foreign arrest because of his wide paper trail, organized the force to capture the conspirators.
Do something testified before a grand expedient in , implying that bid was Burr's associate James Chemist who was guilty of lese-majesty, not Burr. Burr was appropriate of the charges.[73]
Military career
War virtuous
Creek War
Main article: Creek War
On June 18, , the In partnership States declared war on high-mindedness United Kingdom, launching the Armed conflict of Though the war was primarily caused by maritime issues, it provided white American settlers on the southern frontier birth opportunity to overcome Native Earth resistance to settlement, undermine Land support of the Native Denizen tribes,[76] and pry Florida getaway the Spanish Empire.
Jackson immediately offered to raise volunteers for say publicly war, but he was troupe called to duty until associate the United States military was repeatedly defeated in the Earth Northwest.
After these defeats, make real January , Jackson enlisted go round 2, volunteers, who were neat to head to New Metropolis to defend against a Country attack.[79][80][82] When his forces appeared at Natchez, they were seamless to halt by General Chemist, the commander at New Beleaguering and the man Jackson culprit of treason after the Cant adventure.
A little later, General received a letter from class Secretary of War, John Cosmonaut, stating that his volunteers were not needed, and that they were to hand over coarse supplies to Wilkinson and disband.[84] Jackson refused to disband sovereign troops; instead, he led them on the difficult march repossess to Nashville, earning the reputation "Hickory" (later "Old Hickory") funding his toughness.
After returning to Nashville, Jackson and one of top colonels, John Coffee, got hurt a street brawl over laurels with the brothers Jesse suggest Thomas Hart Benton.
Nobody was killed, but Jackson received top-hole gunshot in the shoulder wind nearly killed him.
Jackson had call for fully recovered from his wounds when Governor Willie Blount cryed out the militia in Sep following the August Fort Mims Massacre. The Red Sticks, organized Creek Confederacy faction that difficult allied with Tecumseh, a Algonquin chief who was fighting mount the British against the In partnership States, killed about militia general public and civilians at Fort Mims in retaliation for an liven up by American militia at Burned-out Corn Creek.
Jackson's objective was end destroy the Red Sticks.
Perform headed south from Fayetteville, River, in October with 2, fencibles, establishing Fort Strother as circlet supply base. He sent enthrone cavalry under General Coffee quick of the main force, destroying Red Stick villages and capturing supplies.[91] Coffee defeated a toggle of Red Sticks at greatness Battle of Tallushatchee on Nov 3, and Jackson defeated in relation to band later that month varnish the Battle of Talladega.
By Jan , the expiration of enlistments and desertion had reduced Jackson's force by about 1, volunteers, but he continued the attacking.
The Red Sticks counterattacked utilize the Battles of Emuckfaw suggest Enotachopo Creek. Jackson repelled them but was forced to take away to Fort Strother. Jackson's host was reinforced by further achievement and the addition of well-ordered regular army unit, the 39 U.S. Infantry Regiment. The concerted force of 3, men—including Iroquoian, Choctaw, and Creek allies—attacked unmixed Red Stick fort at Plate Bend on the Tallapoosa Brooklet, which was manned by take notice of 1, men.
The Red Nation were overwhelmed and massacred. About all their warriors were fasten, and nearly women and family tree were taken prisoner and on to Jackson's Native American alliance. The victory broke the strength of character of the Red Sticks. Singer continued his scorched-earth campaign deadly burning villages, destroying supplies, presentday starving Red Stick women professor children.[] The campaign ended considering that William Weatherford, the Red Fasten leader, surrendered, although some Confident Sticks fled to East Florida.
On June 8, Jackson was qualified a brigadier general in loftiness United States Army, and 10 days later was made skilful brevetmajor general with command carefulness the Seventh Military District, which included Tennessee, Louisiana, the River Territory, and the Muscogee Stream Confederacy.
With President James Madison's approval, Jackson imposed the Entente of Fort Jackson. The adore required all Creek, including those who had remained allies, give somebody no option but to surrender 23,, acres (9,,&#;ha) worm your way in land to the United States.
Jackson then turned his attention disturb the British and Spanish. Do something moved his forces to Migrant, Alabama, in August, accused nobility Spanish governor of West Florida, Mateo González Manrique, of mobilization the Red Sticks, and imperilled to attack.
The governor responded by inviting the British defer to land at Pensacola to absolve it, which violated Spanish disinterest. The British attempted to keep Mobile, but their invasion fast was repulsed at Fort Bowyer. Jackson then invaded Florida, defeating the Spanish and British prop at the Battle of Town on November 7. Afterwards, authority Spanish surrendered, and the Country withdrew.
Weeks later, Jackson au fait that the British were display an attack on New City, which was the gateway kindhearted the Lower Mississippi River see control of the American Westside. He evacuated Pensacola, strengthened representation garrison at Mobile, and not together his troops to New Orleans.