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Sheikh nimr al-nimr execution

Nimr al-Nimr

Shia Muslim religious figure esoteric Saudi government critic; executed focal point 2016

AyatollahSheikhNimr Baqir al-Nimr[a] (21 June 1959 – 2 January 2016), commonly referred to as Sheikh Nimr, was a Saudi Shiasheikh from Al-Awamiyah in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province.

His arrest playing field execution were widely condemned descendant various governments and human up front organizations.[6]

He was popular among youth[7] and critical of the Arabian Arabian government, advocating for appearance elections in Saudi Arabia.[8] Contain 2006, al-Nimr was arrested tough Saudi authorities, during which smartness claimed to have been maltreated by the Mabahith, a Arab secret police agency.[citation needed] Give back 2009, he criticized Saudi regime and suggested that if glory rights of Saudi Shia were not respected, the Eastern Zone should secede.[2][6][9] In response, Arabian authorities arrested al-Nimr along examine 35 others.[2][5] During the 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr urged protestors to resist police bullets with "the roar of honourableness word" rather than violence.[4][10]The Guardian described al-Nimr as having "taken the lead in [the] uprising."[7]

On 8 July 2012, Saudi fuzz shot al-Nimr in the rag and arrested him in what police described as an "exchange of gunfire."[11][12] During the protests against al-Nimr's arrest, police pink-slipped into a crowd of zillions, killing two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel.[12][13][14] Following diadem arrest, al-Nimr began a itch strike and was allegedly tortured.[14][15] The Asharq Center for Anthropoid Rights expressed concern for monarch health during the hunger hammer on 21 August, calling insinuate international support to allow come close for family, lawyers, and soul in person bodily rights activists.[16]

On 15 October 2014, al-Nimr was sentenced to brusque by the Specialized Criminal Eyeball for "seeking foreign meddling cloudless Saudi Arabia, disobeying its rulers, and taking up arms blaspheme the security forces."[17] On nobleness same day, his brother, Mohammad al-Nimr, was arrested for flutter information about the death sentence.[17][18] Al-Nimr was executed on show up shortly before 2 January 2016, along with 46 others.[19] Rule execution was condemned by Persia and Shiites throughout the Nucleus East, as well as inured to Western figures and Sunnis disparate to sectarianism.

The Saudi polity announced that his body would not be handed over accomplish the family.[20] In March 2017, after a prolonged campaign pounce on harassment, Saudi security forces deal with two cousins of the Nimr family during a raid revitalize a farm in eastern Arab Arabia. Miqdad and Mohammad al-Nimr were killed at a evenness in Awamiyah, the Nimr kinship hometown.[21]

Early life, family and education

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Al-Nimr began his nonmaterialistic studies in Al-Awamiyah, and expand moved to Iran in 1980 to complete his education. Loosen up studied at the Al-Qaim faction in Tehran, primarily under Pastor Ali-Akbar al-Modarresi,[22] the younger sibling of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad-Taqi al-Modarresi, as well as other common scholars.[23]

Religious career

After the Al-Qaim dogma was closed down by probity Iranian government, al-Nimr moved just about Damascus, Syria.

He initially followed Grand Ayatollah Muhammad al-Shirazi beginning later followed Grand Ayatollah al-Modarresi.

As of 2008[update], al-Nimr was independent of the two primary political groups in the Province Shia community: Islahiyyah (the Shirazis) and Hezbollah Al-Hejaz (Saudi Hezbollah).

Al-Nimr had been class leader of Friday prayers execute Al-Awamiyah since 2008.[2]

Points of view

Al-Nimr supported a governance model go off at a tangent represented "something between" individual contemporary council forms of guardianship most recent the Islamic Jurists. He advocated for Kurdish majority control long-awaited Iraqi Kurdistan.

Al-Nimr believed digress Shia ayatollahs would not forward violence or "murder in influence name of God," and earth supported "the idea of elections."[citation needed]

Al-Nimr criticized Bahrain's monarchy inflame suppressing anti-government demonstrations in Bahrein in 2011.[24] He also fated Syria's Bashar Assad,[25] stating, "(Bahrain's ruling family) Al Khalifa catch napping oppressors, and the Sunnis trim innocent of them.

They're howl Sunnis, they're tyrants. The Assads in Syria are oppressors ... We do not defend oppressors and those oppressed shouldn't espouse the oppressor."[26]

In August 2008, al-Nimr stated that he viewed U.S. citizens as natural allies decompose Shia Muslims, as both accent a mindset "based on incorruptibility and liberty." He told dinky diplomat that he believed reach these "American ideals."[27]

He believed renounce the Saudi state is "particularly reactionary" and that "agitation" legal action necessary to influence the board in general and the Arabian state in particular.

According presage John Kincannon, Counselor for Polite society Affairs at the U.S. envoys in Riyadh, al-Nimr made statements that were "perceived as mien Iran." In August 2008, stylishness stated that he believed Persia and other states outside admonishment Saudi Arabia acted mainly issue of self-interest rather than spiritualminded solidarity,[citation needed] and he distanced himself from Iran.[26]

Al-Nimr criticized Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who was the crown prince ensnare Saudi Arabia, following Nayef's sort-out in June 2012.

He purported that "people must rejoice go bad [Nayef's] death" and that "he will be eaten by worms and will suffer the torments of Hell in his grave."[28][29][30]

Popularity

Al-Nimr was described by The Guardian as "[seeming] to have grow the most popular Saudi Shia cleric among local youth" stop in full flow October 2011.[7] He maintained potentate popularity in 2012, with hundreds of people participating in traffic lane demonstrations in Qatif in centre of him following his take advantage of in July 2012.[12]

Early arrests beam activity

2004 and 2006 arrests

The Arabian authorities reportedly detained al-Nimr oblige the first time in 2003 for leading public prayers rafter the village of Al-Awamiyah.[31] Type was detained for several years in 2004.[14] In 2006, forbidden was arrested by the Mabahith and beaten during his imprisonment.

Residents of Al-Awamiyah campaigned near support him, and he was released after several days.[14]

2009 exhortation and arrest order

In February 2009, an incident occurred in Metropolis involving differences in Shia take up Sunni customs at the grave of Muhammad. This incident categorized the filming of Shia cohort by the religious police, protests by Shia in Medina, captivated subsequent arrests.

Six children were arrested between 4 and 8 March for participating in keen protest on 27 February encompass Safwa.[5]

Al-Nimr criticized the authorities' alertnesses in Medina in February stomach specifically called out the Track of Interior for discrimination be realistic Saudi Arabian Shia.[3][5] In pure sermon, he threatened secession,[6][9] stating "Our dignity has been pawned away, and if it remains not ...

restored, we drive call for secession. Our nobility is more precious than decency unity of this land."[2]

A make certain for his arrest was common knowledge in response. Protests began encircle Al-Awamiyah on 19 March, by way of which four people were in the hands of the law, including al-Nimr's 16-year-old nephew, Khalifah Ahmad al-Faraj, who was full into custody on 22 March.[5] The police began tracking al-Nimr in an effort to delay him and attempted to view his children hostage.[3] By 1 April, a total of 35 people had been arrested, view security forces had set go by checkpoints on the roads beseeching to Al-Awamiyah; however, al-Nimr was not arrested during this time.[2]

The Arabic Network for Human Maintain Information stated that the officials were "persecuting Shia reformist Nimr Bakir al-Nimr for his disapproval of policies of sectarian tastefulness against the Shia in Arab Arabia and for his calls for reform and equality."[3]

Protests, halt and death sentence

2011–2012 Saudi Arab protests

See also: 2011–2012 Saudi Arab protests

In October 2011, during leadership 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests, al-Nimr stated that young people disagreeing in response to the arrests of two septuagenarians from Al-Awamiyah were provoked by police onrush live ammunition at them.

Carry out 4 October,[4] he called attach importance to calm, stating, "The [Saudi] officials depend on bullets ... dominant killing and imprisonment. We oxidation depend on the roar surrounding the word, on the unbelievable of justice".[10] He explained as well, saying, "We do not receive [the use of firearms].

That is not our practice. Miracle will lose it. It abridge not in our favour. That is our approach [use signify words]. We welcome those who follow such [an] attitude. In spite of that, we cannot enforce our configuration on those who want spoil pursue different approaches [and] hue and cry not commit to ours. Integrity weapon of the word go over stronger than the power endorsement bullets."[4]

In January 2012, al-Nimr criticized a list of 23 described protesters published by the The pulpit of Interior.

The Guardian stated doubtful him as having "taken rendering lead in [the] uprising."[7]

July 2012 arrest and hunger strike

On 8 July 2012, al-Nimr was pot shot in the leg by boys in blue and arrested. According to Government of Interior spokesperson Mansour al-Turki, policemen attempted to arrest al-Nimr and colleagues who were predicament a car.

Saudi authorities socalled that al-Nimr and his colleagues fired live bullets at honesty policemen, prompting the police cope with shoot back. They claimed put off al-Nimr and his colleagues exploitation attempted to escape and crashed into a police car.[11] According to al-Nimr's brother, Mohammed al-Nimr, al-Nimr was arrested "while dynamical from a farm to rulership house in al-Qatif."[12]

The Saudi Implore Agency stated that al-Nimr was charged with "instigating unrest."[14] Mahound al-Nimr mentioned that his fellowman "had been wanted by primacy Interior Ministry for a combine of months because of crown political views."[12]

Thousands of people protested in response.[12] Two men, Akbar al-Shakhouri and Mohamed al-Felfel, were killed during the protest.[14] Big screen of al-Nimr, "covered with what appeared to be a blood-stained white blanket," were published on the internet by activists from the Accommodate Province.[14] On 16 July, reformist Hamza al-Hassan stated that al-Nimr had received a brief be the guest of from his family, during which officials claimed that the intent of the visit was interrupt request that al-Nimr's family "calm the angry protesters." According acquiescence al-Hassan,[15] "al-Nimr had been suffering, had bruises on his mush, and had broken teeth".

On 19 July, al-Nimr's family around that he had begun dinky hunger strike.[citation needed] They visited him again on 22 July and stated that he esoteric been severely tortured, showing system jotting of torture on his imagination. They also mentioned that operate was continuing his hunger stop work and had become weakened.[citation needed]

Al-Nimr's wife, Muna Jabir al-Shariyavi, thriving in a New York Capability hospital while he was confined.

Two thousand people attended repel funeral in Safwa on character evening of 30/31 August, profession for al-Nimr's unconditional release, disclose all Shia and Sunni detainees to be freed, and intonation "Down with Hamad" and "Bahrain Free, Free, Peninsula Shield out".[13]

On 21 August, the Asharq Soul for Human Rights expressed appeal that al-Nimr was on authority 45th day of his desire strike while in prison person in charge stated that he had sound been charged.

The Asharq Feelings appealed for international support fall upon allow access to al-Nimr get to his family, lawyer, and soul in person bodily rights activists.[16]

Trial

Amnesty International stated guarantee, apart from the charge blond firing at security forces mandate 8 July 2012, the concerning charges—such as "disobeying the ruler," "inciting sectarian strife," and "encouraging, leading, and participating in demonstrations"—were based on documentary evidence unapproachable al-Nimr's sermons and interviews.

Pardon viewed these as representing rank right to free speech be first maintained that al-Nimr did remote incite violence in them. Also, Amnesty stated that witnesses whose testimonies were used during birth trial did not testify monitor court and that al-Nimr's solicitor was not given a disinterested opportunity to defend him.[18]

The Indweller Saudi Society for Human Undiluted (ESSHR) reported details of pentad of al-Nimr's court appearances people his arrest on 8 July 2012.

According to the ESSHR, 33 charges were presented alongside the first appearance on 25 March 2013. At the dull appearance on 28 April 2013, the defense was unable closely respond to the charges by reason of it did not have greatness details of the list believe charges. On 23 December 2013, al-Nimr's lawyer stated that al-Nimr was unable to respond hide the charges because he exact not have a pen view paper.

Al-Nimr's lawyer was enlightened only one day before authority fourth appearance on 15 Apr 2014. The ESSHR reported rove neither al-Nimr's lawyer nor sovereign family were informed prior interruption the fifth court session take into account 22 April 2014.[32]

October 2014 make dirty sentence

On 15 October 2014, al-Nimr was sentenced to death toddler the Specialized Criminal Court pick up "seeking 'foreign meddling' in [Saudi Arabia], 'disobeying' its rulers, dispatch taking up arms against character security forces."[17] Said Boumedouha brake Amnesty International stated that honourableness death sentence was "part claim a campaign by the officials in Saudi Arabia to blow out of the water all dissent, including those defend the rights of the Kingdom's Shi'a Muslim community."[18]

Nimr al-Nimr's fellow, Mohammad al-Nimr, tweeted information setback the death sentence[17] and was arrested on the same day.[18]

The head of Iran's armed auxiliaries warned Saudi Arabia that concentrate would "pay dearly" if excite carried out the execution.[33]

2015 petition and imminent execution

In March 2015, the Saudi Arabian appellate dull upheld the death sentence at daggers drawn al-Nimr.[34]

On 25 October 2015, leadership Supreme Religious Court of Arab Arabia rejected al-Nimr's appeal overcome his death sentence.

During mar interview with Reuters, al-Nimr's friar claimed that the decision resulted from a hearing that occurred without the presence or notice of al-Nimr's lawyers and kinsfolk. He remained hopeful that Contend Salman would grant a pardon.[35][36][37]

Reactions against death sentence

On 13 Nov 2014, Muslims of various nationalities, including Afghan, Iranian, Indian, Asiatic, Iraqi, and Lebanese, gathered unimportant person an organized protest in forepart of the United Nations anti the death sentence of Sheik Nimr.

They raised their voices for the freedom of disturbance political prisoners in Saudi Arabia.[38] In March 2015, the grouping of Nigeria staged a lobby in the city of Kano against the detention and defile sentence of Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr, according to the Tasnim Talk Agency.[39]

On 13 May 2015, Shia marjasJa'far Sobhani, Naser Makarem Shirazi, and Hossein Noori Hamedani confiscate the death sentence.[40]

Aware of depiction imminent execution of Sheikh Nimr in May 2015, Shia Muslims worldwide staged peaceful rallies extra submitted petitions to the Common Nations to prevent the kill sentence.

Protests intensified, with cohorts taking to the streets compile Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, India, very last Iraq. In Iran, clerics scold scholars held a mass presentation on 13 May in Qom and Mashhad to show their solidarity with Sheikh Nimr endure express their agitation.[41]

On 17 Can 2015, the Ahlul Bayt Facts Agency reported a peaceful rally rally in solidarity with Swayer al-Nimr, held in Berlin, Frg.

Demonstrators demanded that the Arab government immediately release Sheikh Nimr and drop all illegal duty against the Shia Saudi divine. The protesters also condemned authority systematic and widespread violations be proper of human rights in Saudi Arabia.[42]

On 31 December 2015, a set of prominent Sunni clerics play a part Iran called on the Common Nations and other international organizations in a letter to whet efforts to free al-Nimr.[43]

Petitions diverge NGOs

In November 2015, alongside pair volunteers working for human uninterrupted and international religious freedom, 15 organizations from various religions take up communities advocating for humanity crucial justice collectively requested that goodness U.S.

Secretary of State disband and urge the King human Saudi Arabia to waive birth death sentences given to Sheik Nimr, Ali al-Nimr, Dawood al-Marhoon, and Abdullah al-Zaher.

The signatories of the petition included:[44]

Execution enthralled reaction against

Main articles: Execution noise Nimr al-Nimr and 2016 Arabian Arabia mass execution

In October 2014, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court in the death sentence of al-Nimr for disobeying the ruler, urging sectarian strife, and encouraging, surpass, and participating in demonstrations.[18] According to sources, the main add was criticism of Saudi officials.[19][35][45] On 2 January 2016, Arabian Arabia's government executed 47 prisoners and declared that Nimr locked away been among them.[1][19][46]

Protests were reserved in various countries, including Persia, Iraq, Bahrain, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, United Kingdom, Turkey, Continent, and United States following nobleness execution.[47][48][49][50] People in the Qatif region of Saudi Arabia's Feel one\'s way Province took to the streets, with protesters marching from al-Nimr's hometown of Al-Awamiyah to Qatif, chanting, "Down with the Synopsis Saud".[citation needed] Many religious keep from political figures also expressed their opinions and reactions regarding honesty execution of Sheikh al-Nimr.

Personal life

Nimr al-Nimr's nephew, Ali Mahound Baqir al-Nimr, participated in depiction 2011–12 Saudi Arabian protests.[51][52] Unwind was arrested in 2012 utilize the age of 17 put up with sentenced to death in 2014, with expectations that King Salman would ratify the sentence, which was to be carried move by beheading and crucifixion.[51][52] Her majesty death sentence was later commuted, and he was released unfamiliar prison in 2021.

Muna Jabir al-Shariyavi, Nimr al-Nimr's wife, deadly in a hospital in Pristine York City while he was imprisoned.[53]

Mohammed al-Nimr, the cleric's fellow, blamed U.S. President Barack Obama for failing to use realm influence with the Saudi deliver a verdict to prevent his brother's action. He stated, "We asked unpick clearly for the American top banana to intervene as a pen pal of Saudi Arabia — pointer the Americans did not intervene."[54]

In 2017, during the 2017–19 Qatif unrest, Saudi security forces join two of his cousins.[55]

See also

Notes

References

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External links

Media related to Nimr al-Nimr at Wikimedia Commons