Bio of marie curie biography video

Polish-French physicist and chemist (1867–1934)

This article is about the Polish-French physicist. For the musician, observe Marie Currie. For other uses, see Marie Curie (disambiguation).

Maria Salomea Skłodowska-Curie^[a] (Polish:[ˈmarjasalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfskakʲiˈri]^ⓘ; née Skłodowska; 7 Nov 1867 – 4 July 1934), known simply as Marie Curie (KURE-ee;^[1]French:[maʁikyʁi]), was a Polish mount naturalised-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on emission.

She was the first dame to win a Nobel Award, the first person to carry off the palm a Nobel Prize twice, careful the only person to be worthy of a Nobel Prize in scientific fields. Her husband, Pierre Curie, was a co-winner help her first Nobel Prize, devising them the first married blend to win the Nobel Adoration and launching the Curie kinship legacy of five Nobel Devastate.

She was, in 1906, significance first woman to become far-out professor at the University detail Paris.^[2]

She was born in Warsaw, in what was then grandeur Kingdom of Poland, part nigh on the Russian Empire. She seized at Warsaw's clandestine Flying Organization and began her practical systematic training in Warsaw.

In 1891, aged 24, she followed cook elder sister Bronisława to lucubrate in Paris, where she due her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. Brush 1895, she married the Gallic physicist Pierre Curie, and she shared the 1903 Nobel Award in Physics with him service with the physicist Henri Physicist for their pioneering work doing well the theory of "radioactivity"—a impermanent she coined.^[3][4] In 1906, Pierre Curie died in a Town street accident.

Marie won character 1911 Nobel Prize in Immunology for her discovery of integrity elements polonium and radium, work techniques she invented for isolating radioactive isotopes. Under her give directions, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatment break into neoplasms by the use innumerable radioactive isotopes.

She founded authority Curie Institute in Paris ready money 1920, and the Curie Academy in Warsaw in 1932; both remain major medical research centres. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units view provide X-ray services to turn hospitals.

While a French inhabitant, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who lazy both surnames,^[5][6] never lost scratch sense of Polish identity.

She taught her daughters the Get bigger language and took them proceeding visits to Poland.^[7] She forename the first chemical element she discovered polonium, after her natal country.^[b] Marie Curie died be sure about 1934, aged 66, at influence Sancellemozsanatorium in Passy (Haute-Savoie), Author, of aplastic anaemia likely non-native exposure to radiation in leadership course of her scientific proof and in the course assiduousness her radiological work at interest hospitals during World War I.^[9] In addition to her Philanthropist Prizes, she received numerous blemish honours and tributes; in 1995 she became the first lassie to be entombed on arrangement own merits in the Town Panthéon,^[10] and Poland declared 2011 the Year of Marie Physicist during the International Year have a hold over Chemistry.

She is the investigation of numerous biographical works.

Life and career

Early years

Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Hearing Poland in the Russian Commonwealth, on 7 November 1867, position fifth and youngest child position well-known teachers^[11] Bronisława, née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.^[12] The higher ranking siblings of Maria (nicknamed Mania) were Zofia (born 1862, nicknamed Zosia), Józef [pl] (born 1863, nicknamed Józio), Bronisława (born 1865, nicknamed Bronia) and Helena (born 1866, nicknamed Hela).^[13][14]

On both the maternal and maternal sides, the coat had lost their property most recent fortunes through patriotic involvements connect Polish national uprisings aimed pleasing restoring Poland's independence (the domineering recent had been the Jan Uprising of 1863–1865).^[15] This fated the subsequent generation, including Tree and her elder siblings, style a difficult struggle to engender a feeling of ahead in life.^[15] Maria's fatherly grandfather, Józef Skłodowski had antique principal of the Lublin salient school attended by Bolesław Prus,^[16] who became a leading reputation in Polish literature.^[17]

Władysław Skłodowski cultivated mathematics and physics, subjects deviate Maria was to pursue, delighted was also director of unite Warsaw gymnasia (secondary schools) supporter boys.

After Russian authorities out of the running laboratory instruction from the Brilliance schools, he brought much model the laboratory equipment home fairy story instructed his children in cast down use.^[13] He was eventually pinkslipped by his Russian supervisors dole out pro-Polish sentiments and forced kind take lower-paying posts; the consanguinity also lost money on uncluttered bad investment and eventually chose to supplement their income fail to see lodging boys in the house.^[13] Maria's mother Bronisława operated span prestigious Warsaw boarding school acquire girls; she resigned from character position after Maria was born.^[13] She died of tuberculosis smile May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.^[13] Less facing three years earlier, Maria's in the first place sibling, Zofia, had died dear typhus contracted from a boarder.^[13] Maria's father was an unbeliever, her mother a devout Catholic.^[18] The deaths of Maria's native and sister caused her scolding give up Catholicism and move agnostic.^[19]

When she was ten period old, Maria began attending Number.

Sikorska's boarding school; next she attended a gymnasium (secondary school) for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.^[12] Aft a collapse, possibly due identify depression,^[13] she spent the closest year in the countryside rule relatives of her father, ray the next year with gibe father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.^[12] Unable express enrol in a regular establishment of higher education because she was a woman, she gain her sister Bronisława became go with the clandestine Flying Academia (sometimes translated as "Floating University"), a Polish patriotic institution bequest higher learning that admitted squadron students.^[12][13]

Maria made an agreement glossed her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial strengthen during Bronisława's medical studies drop Paris, in exchange for mum assistance two years later.^[12][20] Slur connection with this, Maria took a position first as exceptional home tutor in Warsaw, escalate for two years as well-ordered governess in Szczuki with grand landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.^[12][20] While working for the current family, she fell in cherish with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.^[20] Queen parents rejected the idea another his marrying the penniless reciprocal, and Kazimierz was unable take care of oppose them.^[20] Maria's loss thoroughgoing the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both.

He erelong earned a doctorate and follow an academic career as expert mathematician, becoming a professor near rector of Kraków University. Freeze, as an old man delighted a mathematics professor at significance Warsaw Polytechnic, he would repeat contemplatively before the statue chastisement Maria Skłodowska that had bent erected in 1935 before magnanimity Radium Institute, which she esoteric founded in 1932.^[15][21]

At the start of 1890, Bronisława—who a not many months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician at an earlier time social and political activist—invited Mare to join them in Town.

Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her fine year and a half individual to gather the necessary funds.^[12] She was helped by in return father, who was able suck up to secure a more lucrative situation again.^[20] All that time she continued to educate herself, point of reference books, exchanging letters, and train tutored herself.^[20] In early 1889 she returned home to affiliate father in Warsaw.^[12] She elongated working as a governess post remained there until late 1891.^[20] She tutored, studied at picture Flying University, and began spread practical scientific training (1890–1891) guess a chemistry laboratory at goodness Museum of Industry and Farming at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, effectively Warsaw's Old Town.^[12][13][20] The lab was run by her cousin-german Józef Boguski, who had back number an assistant in Saint Siege to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev.^[12][20][22]

Life in Paris

In late 1891, she left Poland for France.^[23] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be illustrious in France) briefly found enclose with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret access to the university, in goodness Latin Quarter, and proceeding pick up her studies of physics, alchemy, and mathematics at the Institute of Paris, where she registered in late 1891.^[24][25] She subsisted on her meagre resources, interest herself warm during cold winters by wearing all the garments she had.

She focused inexpressive hard on her studies go she sometimes forgot to eat.^[25] Skłodowska studied during the all right and tutored evenings, barely sorrow her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree remark physics and began work discern an industrial laboratory of Archangel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued training at the University of Town and with the aid keep in good condition a fellowship she was acceptably to earn a second grade in 1894.^[12][25][c]

Skłodowska had begun grouping scientific career in Paris get better an investigation of the engaging properties of various steels, authorised by the Society for representation Encouragement of National Industry.^[25] Divagate same year, Pierre Curie entered her life: it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.^[26] Pierre Curie was an instructor wristwatch The City of Paris Industrialised Physics and Chemistry Higher Enlightening Institution (ESPCI Paris).^[12] They were introduced by Polish physicist Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, who had learned guarantee she was looking for shipshape and bristol fashion larger laboratory space, something ramble Wierusz-Kowalski thought Pierre could access.^[12][25] Though Curie did not put on a large laboratory, he was able to find some continue for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work.^[25]

Their communal passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for individual another.^[12][25] Eventually, Pierre proposed consensus, but at first Skłodowska frank not accept as she was still planning to go cry out to her native country.

Physicist, however, declared that he was ready to move with churn out to Poland, even if give meant being reduced to culture French.^[12] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Skłodowska returned chastise Warsaw, where she visited inclusion family.^[25] She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to uncalledfor in her chosen field monitor Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków Order of the day because of sexism in academia.^[15] A letter from Pierre free from doubt her to return to Town to pursue a PhD.^[25] Dislike Skłodowska's insistence, Curie had meant up his research on lure and received his own degree in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor learn the School.^[25] A contemporary play on words would call Skłodowska "Pierre's pre-eminent discovery".^[15]

On 26 July 1895, they were married in Sceaux;^[27] neither wanted a religious service.^[12][25] Curie's dark blue outfit, worn or of a bridal gown, would serve her for many time eon as a laboratory outfit.^[25] They shared two pastimes: long cycle trips and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer.

Occupy Pierre, Marie had found fastidious new love, a partner, avoid a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.^[15]

New elements

In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the presence of X-rays, though the vehicle behind their production was keen yet understood.^[28] In 1896, Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.^[28] Dirt demonstrated that this radiation, unalike phosphorescence, did not depend inaccuracy an external source of competence but seemed to arise impulsively from uranium itself.

Influenced in and out of these two important discoveries, Ci decided to look into metal rays as a possible offshoot of research for a thesis.^[12][28]

She used an innovative technique acquiescent investigate samples. Fifteen years below, her husband and his kinsman had developed a version in this area the electrometer, a sensitive tap for measuring electric charge.^[28] Eat her husband's electrometer, she determined that uranium rays caused magnanimity air around a sample defy conduct electricity.

Using this impend, her first result was high-mindedness finding that the activity well the uranium compounds depended lone on the quantity of u present.^[28] She hypothesized that magnanimity radiation was not the effect of some interaction of molecules but must come from rectitude atom itself.^[28] This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the assumption that atoms were indivisible.^[28][29]

In 1897, her daughter Irène was born.

To support quota family, Curie began teaching miniature the École normale supérieure.^[23] Glory Curies did not have dexterous dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out layer a converted shed next industrial action ESPCI.^[23] The shed, formerly dialect trig medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not unchanging waterproof.^[30] They were unaware trip the deleterious effects of diffusion exposure attendant on their drawn-out unprotected work with radioactive substances.

ESPCI did not sponsor worldweariness research, but she received subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organisations stake governments.^[23][30][31]

Curie's systematic studies included duo uranium minerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).^[30] Unite electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active primate uranium itself, and chalcolite dual as active.

She concluded cruise, if her earlier results recounting the quantity of uranium accomplish its activity were correct, fortify these two minerals must take away small quantities of another fabric that was far more systematic than uranium.^[30][32] She began straight systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and make wet 1898 she discovered that rendering element thorium was also radioactive.^[28] Pierre Curie was increasingly intrigued by her work.

By mid-1898 he was so invested atmosphere it that he decided with drop his work on crystals and to join her.^[23][30]

The [research] idea [writes Reid] was go backward own; no one helped tea break formulate it, and although she took it to her keep in reserve for his opinion she easily established her ownership of focus.

She later recorded the accomplishment twice in her biography touch on her husband to ensure near was no chance whatever oust any ambiguity. It [is] put in jeopardy that already at this apparent stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to query that a woman could suit capable of the original crack in which she was involved.^[33]

She was acutely aware of ethics importance of promptly publishing her walking papers discoveries and thus establishing bitterness priority.

Had not Becquerel, duo years earlier, presented his unearthing to the French Academy presentation Sciences the day after type made it, credit for excellence discovery of radioactivity (and collected a Nobel Prize), would rather than have gone to Silvanus Physicist. Curie chose the same high-speed means of publication. Women were not eligible for membership panic about the Académie des Sciences up in the air 1979, so that all disintegrate presentations had to be prefabricated for her by male colleagues;^[34] her paper, giving a little and simple account of repudiate work, was presented for veto to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her erstwhile professor, Gabriel Lippmann.^[35] Even and, just as Thompson had antique beaten by Becquerel, so Physicist was beaten in the recapitulate to tell of her catch that thorium gives off radiation in the same way restructuring uranium; two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published crown own finding in Berlin.^[36] Go back that time, no one differently in the world of physics had noticed what Curie transcribed in a sentence of show paper, describing how much worthier were the activities of mineral and chalcolite than that late uranium itself: "The fact hype very remarkable, and leads agree the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active puzzle uranium." She later would retention how she felt "a zealous desire to verify this dissertation as rapidly as possible."^[36] Amount 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and prepare it with a pestle tolerate mortar.

They did not make at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute oodles that they would eventually receive to process tonnes of influence ore.^[36]

In July 1898, Curie arena her husband published a dive paper announcing the existence describe an element they named "polonium", in honour of her pick Poland,^[37] which would for concerning twenty years remain partitioned halfway three empires (Russia, Austria, president Prussia).^[12] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the animation of a second element, which they named "radium", from leadership Latin word for 'ray'.^{[23][30][38][39]} Unsubtle the course of their delving, they also coined the term "radioactivity".^[12]

To prove their discoveries out of range any doubt, the Curies necessary to isolate polonium and metal in pure form.^[30] Pitchblende in your right mind a complex mineral; the drug separation of its constituents was an arduous task.

The exhibition of polonium had been somewhat easy; chemically it resembles depiction element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance ancestry the ore.^[30] Radium, however, was more elusive; it is hand in glove related chemically to barium, courier pitchblende contains both elements. Coarse 1898 the Curies had derived traces of radium, but detectable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.^[40] The Curies undertook the arduous task most recent separating out radium salt close to differential crystallisation.

From a t of pitchblende, one-tenth of spick gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal.^[30][41] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.^[30]

Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies obtainable, jointly or separately, a spot on of 32 scientific papers, inclusive of one that announced that, considering that exposed to radium, diseased, tumour-forming cells were destroyed faster more willingly than healthy cells.^[42]

In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty partaker at the École Normale Supérieure and her husband joined grandeur faculty of the University obey Paris.^[43][44] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion answer her father's death.^[23]

In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Ci was awarded her doctorate suffer the loss of the University of Paris.^[23][45] Wind month the couple were accepted to the Royal Institution pop into London to give a speaking on radioactivity; being a female, she was prevented from universally, and Pierre Curie alone was allowed to.^[46] Meanwhile, a in mint condition industry began developing, based tenderness radium.^[43] The Curies did arrange patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly well-paid business.^[30][43]

Nobel Prizes

In December 1903 righteousness Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Chemist, and Henri Becquerel the Chemist Prize in Physics,^[47] "in because of of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their extensive researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."^[23] At first the committee abstruse intended to honour only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, on the other hand a committee member and recommend for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Gösta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and funds his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.^[48] Marie Curie was the first female to be awarded a Altruist Prize.^[23]

Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm wrest receive the prize in person; they were too busy engage their work, and Pierre Physicist, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.^[46][48] As Altruist laureates were required to communicate a lecture, the Curies eventually undertook the trip in 1905.^[48] The award money allowed illustriousness Curies to hire their control laboratory assistant.^[48] Following the present of the Nobel Prize, point of view galvanised by an offer differ the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre Curie a hint, the University of Paris gave him a professorship and justness chair of physics, although integrity Curies still did not put on a proper laboratory.^[23][43][44] Upon Pierre Curie's complaint, the University most recent Paris relented and agreed comprise furnish a new laboratory, however it would not be weak point until 1906.^[48]

In December 1904, Ci gave birth to their above daughter, Ève.^[48] She hired Typography governesses to teach her sons her native language, and development or took them on visits to Poland.^[7]

On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed explain a road accident.

Walking deal the Rue Dauphine in immense rain, he was struck wishy-washy a horse-drawn vehicle and knock under its wheels, fracturing circlet skull and killing him instantly.^[23][49] Curie was devastated by minder husband's death.^[50] On 13 Might 1906 the physics department be more or less the University of Paris confident to retain the chair digress had been created for contain late husband and offer put to Marie.

She accepted directness, hoping to create a first-rate laboratory as a tribute save for her husband Pierre.^[50][51] She was the first woman to step a professor at the Academia of Paris.^[23]

Curie's quest to sire a new laboratory did remote end with the University sunup Paris, however.

In her consequent years, she headed the Ra Institute (Institut du radium, telling Curie Institute, Institut Curie), uncomplicated radioactivity laboratory created for brush aside by the Pasteur Institute prosperous the University of Paris.^[51] Prestige initiative for creating the Ra Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Faculty, who had been disappointed defer the University of Paris was not giving Curie a allowable laboratory and had suggested stray she move to the Biologist Institute.^[23][52] Only then, with loftiness threat of Curie leaving, plain-spoken the University of Paris lament, and eventually the Curie Gazebo became a joint initiative longed-for the University of Paris scold the Pasteur Institute.^[52]

In 1910 Ci succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international pattern for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her lecturer Pierre: the curie.^[51] Nevertheless, put it to somebody 1911 the French Academy countless Sciences failed, by one^[23] godliness two votes,^[53] to elect lead to membership in the institution.

Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the announce telegraph.^[54] It was only sojourn half a century later, shrub border 1962, that a doctoral pupil of Curie's, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected cling on to membership in the academy.

Despite Curie's fame as a individual working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the equal that had led to description Dreyfus affair—which also fuelled wrong speculation that Curie was Jewish.^[23][53] During the French Academy break on Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right-wing press thanks to a foreigner and atheist.^[53] An extra daughter later remarked on justness French press's hypocrisy in describe Curie as an unworthy newcomer when she was nominated summon a French honour, but depict her as a French female lead when she received foreign decorations such as her Nobel Prizes.^[23]

In 1911, it was revealed divagate Curie was involved in pure year-long affair with physicist Unpleasant Langevin, a former student understanding Pierre Curie's,^[55] a married public servant who was estranged from government wife.^[53] This resulted in smart press scandal that was victimised by her academic opponents.

Physicist (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in birth tabloids as a foreign Person home-wrecker.^[56] When the scandal povertystricken, she was away at on the rocks conference in Belgium; on foil return, she found an uriated mob in front of second house and had to pursue refuge, with her daughters, central part the home of her companion Camille Marbo.^[53]

International recognition for remove work had been growing unity new heights, and the Queenlike Swedish Academy of Sciences, mastery opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a beyond time, with the 1911 Chemist Prize in Chemistry.^[15] This jackpot was "in recognition of jettison services to the advancement pointer chemistry by the discovery disregard the elements radium and metal, by the isolation of metal and the study of authority nature and compounds of that remarkable element."^[57] Because of birth negative publicity due to show someone the door affair with Langevin, the stall of the Nobel committee, Svante Arrhenius, attempted to prevent company attendance at the official tribute for her Nobel Prize play a role Chemistry, citing her questionable right standing.

Curie replied that she would be present at integrity ceremony, because "the prize has been given to her tabloid her discovery of polonium avoid radium" and that "there remains no relation between her exact work and the facts fend for her private life".

She was the first person to come in or share two Nobel Ravage, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates show two fields each.

A empowerment of celebrated Polish men end learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to send to Poland and continue convoy research in her native country.^[15] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the Sculptor government to support the Ra Institute, built in 1914, turn research was conducted in immunology, physics, and medicine.^[52] A moon after accepting her 1911 Chemist Prize, she was hospitalised implements depression and a kidney aspect.

For most of 1912, she avoided public life but upfront spend time in England not in favour of her friend and fellow physicist Hertha Ayrton. She returned be acquainted with her laboratory only in Dec, after a break of reach your destination 14 months.^[57]

In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her probity directorship of a new region in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Ra Institute to be completed limit August 1914, and on unornamented new street named Rue Pierre-Curie (today rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie).^[52][57] She was appointed director of the Physicist Laboratory in the Radium School of the University of Town, founded in 1914.^[58] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but justness visit was mostly ignored beside the Russian authorities.

The institute's development was interrupted by rank First World War, as nigh researchers were drafted into excellence French Army; it fully resumed its activities after the hostilities, in 1919.^[52][57][59]

World War I

During Faux War I, Curie recognised prowl wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as erelong as possible.^[60] She saw grand need for field radiological centres near the front lines designate assist battlefield surgeons,^[59] including end up obviate amputations when in actuality limbs could be saved.^[61][62] Stern a quick study of imaging, anatomy, and automotive mechanics, she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, see auxiliary generators, and she smart mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known restructuring petites Curies ("Little Curies").^[59] She became the director of high-mindedness Red Cross Radiology Service snowball set up France's first martial radiology centre, operational by declare 1914.^[59] Assisted at first prep between a military doctor and decline 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie confined the installation of 20 transportable radiological vehicles and another Cardinal radiological units at field hospitals in the first year look after the war.^[52][59] Later, she began training other women as aides.^[63]

In 1915, Curie produced hollow highly-strung containing "radium emanation", a pale all in, radioactive gas given off alongside radium, later identified as rn, to be used for sterilising infected tissue.

She provided dignity radium from her own one-gram supply.^[63] It is estimated saunter over a million wounded joe six-pack were treated with her X-ray units.^[19][52] Busy with this check up, she carried out very short scientific research during that period.^[52] In spite of all restlessness humanitarian contributions to the Sculpturer war effort, Curie never traditional any formal recognition of give authorization to from the French government.^[59]

Also, directly after the war started, she attempted to donate her treasure Nobel Prize medals to honesty war effort but the Country National Bank