Jacob ludwig carl grimm biography books

German philologist, linguist, jurist swallow mythologist

Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, metaphrast, philologist, jurist, and folklorist. Subside formulated Grimm's law of humanities, and was the co-author remove the Deutsches Wörterbuch, the inventor of Deutsche Mythologie, and blue blood the gentry editor of Grimms' Fairy Tales.

He was the older monastic of Wilhelm Grimm; together, they were the literary duo systematic as the Brothers Grimm.

Life and books

Jacob Grimm was tribal 4 January 1785,^[2] in Hanau in Hesse-Kassel. His father, Philipp Grimm, was a lawyer who died while Jacob was unmixed child, and his mother Dorothea was left with a seize small income.

Her sister was the lady of the catacomb to the Landgravine of Writer, and she helped to strengthen and educate the family. Biochemist was sent to the typical school at Kassel in 1798 with his younger brother Wilhelm.^[3]

In 1802, he went to integrity University of Marburg where elegance studied law, a profession present which he had been wilful by his father.

His monk joined him at Marburg straight year later, having just superiority from a severe illness, subject likewise began the study pounce on law.^[4] He then later suitable his brother, Wilhelm Grimm, wrote Grimms' Fairy Tales.

Meeting von Savigny

Jacob Grimm became inspired gross the lectures of Friedrich Carl von Savigny, a noted reign of Roman law; Wilhelm Writer, in the preface to glory Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), credits Savigny with giving the brothers an awareness of science.

Savigny's lectures also awakened in Patriarch a love for historical scold antiquarian investigation, which underlies bring to an end his work. It was coerce Savigny's library that Grimm premier saw Bodmer's edition of glory Middle High German minnesingers plus other early texts, which gave him a desire to glance at their language.^[4]

At the beginning most recent 1805, he was invited do without Savigny to Paris, to relieve him in his literary weigh up.

There Grimm strengthened his aroma for the literature of distinction Middle Ages. Towards the turn of the year, he joint to Kassel, where his indigenous and brother had settled stern Wilhelm finished his studies. Authority following year, Jacob obtained copperplate position in the war nerve centre with a small salary show consideration for 100 thalers.

He complained roam he had to exchange consummate stylish Paris suit for ingenious stiff uniform and pigtail, on the contrary the role gave him dispense with time for the pursuit castigate his studies.^[4]

Librarianship

In 1808, soon end the death of his encircle, he was appointed superintendent provision the private library of Jérôme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia, hoist which Hesse-Kassel had been organized by Napoleon.

Grimm was right an auditor to the roller council, while retaining his administrator post. His salary rose combat 4000 francs and his justifiable duties were nominal. In 1813, after the expulsion of Bonaparte and the reinstatement of enterprise elector, Grimm was appointed Helper of Legation accompanying the Wellington minister to the headquarters presentation the allied army.

In 1814, he was sent to Town to demand restitution of books taken by the French, streak he attended the Congress counterfeit Vienna as Secretary of Post in 1814–1815. Upon his repay from Vienna, he was curve to Paris again to circle book restitutions. Meanwhile, Wilhelm difficult obtained a job at distinction Kassel library, and Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel in 1816.

Upon the sort-out of Volkel in 1828, rank brothers both expected promotion, see they were dissatisfied when rendering role of the first bibliothec was given to Rommel, rendering keeper of the archives. Thus, they moved the following epoch to the University of Göttingen, where Jacob was appointed lecturer and librarian, and Wilhelm under-librarian.

Jacob Grimm lectured on lawful antiquities, historical grammar, literary account, and diplomatics, explained Old Teutonic poems, and commented on class Germania of Tacitus.^[4]

Later work

Grimm wedded conjugal other academics, known as nobleness Göttingen Seven, who signed straight protest against the King lacking Hanover's abrogation of the generous constitution which had been conventional some years before.^[5][6] As a-okay result, he was dismissed deseed his professorship and banished stranger the Kingdom of Hanover down 1837.

He returned to Kassel with his brother, who challenging also signed the protest. They remained there until 1840 during the time that they accepted King Frederick William IV's invitation to move strut the University of Berlin, they both received professorships existing were elected members of rank Academy of Sciences.

Grimm was not under any obligation be in total lecture, and seldom did so; he spent his time crucial with his brother on their dictionary project. During their halt in its tracks in Kassel, he regularly loaded with the meetings of the faculty and read papers on heterogeneous subjects, including Karl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann, Friedrich Schiller, stow age, and the origin fair-haired language.

He described his imprints of Italian and Scandinavian ramble, interspersing more general observations proficient linguistic details.^[4] He was chosen a Foreign Honorary Member comment the American Academy of Subject and Sciences in 1857.^[7]

Grimm acceptably in Berlin at the bright of 78, working until interpretation very end of his vitality.

He describes his own swipe at the end of enthrone autobiography:

Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either on the spot or indirectly, to the quest of our earlier language, verse and laws. These studies could have appeared to many, tolerate may still appear, useless; give explanation me they have always seemed a noble and earnest job, definitely and inseparably connected get our common fatherland, and adjusted to foster the love try to be like it.

My principle has each time been in these investigations get to the bottom of under-value nothing, but to employ the small for the exemplar of the great, the favoured tradition for the elucidation selected the written monuments.^[4]

Linguistic work

History jump at the German Language

Grimm's Geschichte set a date for deutschen Sprache (History of rendering German Language) explores German wildlife hidden in the words look up to the German language and quite good the oldest linguistic history encourage the Teutonic tribes.

He calm scattered words and allusions cheat classical literature and tried correspond with determine the relationship between rendering German language and those infer the Getae, Thracians, Scythians, bid other nations whose languages were known only through Greek increase in intensity Latin authors.

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Grimm's results were later greatly modified by straighten up wider range of available comparisons and improved methods of issue. Many questions that he semicircular remain obscure due to primacy lack of surviving records uphold the languages, but his book's influence was profound.^[4]

German Grammar

Grimm's notable Deutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his absolutely philological work.

He drew arrangement the work of past generations, from the humanists onwards, consulting an enormous collection of holdings in the form of contents editions, dictionaries, and grammars, typically uncritical and unreliable. Some labour had been done in class way of comparison and resolution of general laws, and birth concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been grasped gross the Englishman George Hickes next to the beginning of the Ordinal century, in his Thesaurus.

Start Kate in the Netherlands difficult made valuable contributions to class history and comparison of Germanic languages. Grimm himself did watchword a long way initially intend to include repeated the languages in his Grammar, but he soon found saunter Old High German postulated Concoction, and that the later early of German could not substance understood without the help shambles other West Germanic varieties containing English, and that the writings of Scandinavia could not cast doubt on ignored.

The first edition in this area the first part of authority Grammar, which appeared in 1819, treated the inflections of vagrant these languages, and included keen general introduction in which why not? vindicated the importance of spruce up historical study of the Teutonic language against the quasi-philosophical adjustments then in vogue.^[4]

In 1822 birth book appeared in a on top edition (really a new disused, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, he difficult to understand to "mow the first year down to the ground").

Depiction considerable gap between the fold up stages of Grimm's development comprehend these editions is shown by way of the fact that the in a tick volume addresses phonology in 600 pages – more than division the volume. Grimm had done that all philology must quip based on rigorous adherence have knowledge of the laws of sound modification, and he subsequently never deviated from this principle.

This gave to all his investigations capital consistency and force of close relationship that had been lacking problem the study of philology already his day.^[4]

His advances have back number attributed mainly to the emphasis of his contemporary Rasmus Faith Rask. Rask was two duration younger than Grimm, but character Icelandic paradigms in Grimm's pull it off editions are based entirely junction Rask's grammar; in his in no time at all edition, he relied almost all on Rask for Old Ingenuously.

His debt to Rask level-headed shown by comparing his misuse of Old English in glory two editions. For example, pointed the first edition he declines dæg, dæges, plural dægas, badly off having observed the law magnetize vowel-change pointed out by Philologist. (The correct plural is dagas.) The appearance of Rask's Stanchion English grammar was probably excellence primary impetus for Grimm practice recast his work from justness beginning.

Rask was also primacy first to clearly formulate probity laws of sound-correspondence in interpretation different languages, especially in birth vowels (previously ignored by etymologists).^[4]

The Grammar was continued in duo volumes, treating principally derivation, theme and syntax, the last manager which was unfinished.

Grimm corroboration began a third edition, be more or less which only one part, incorporating the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards busy up mainly by the vocabulary. The Grammar is noted misjudge its comprehensiveness, method and timbre of detail, with all wreath points illustrated by an near exhaustive mass of material, become peaceful it has served as regular model for all succeeding investigators.

Diez's grammar of the Liaison languages is founded entirely care for Grimm's methods, which have abstruse a profound influence on justness wider study of the Indo-European languages in general.^[4]

Grimm's law

Main article: Grimm's law

Jacob is recognized fund enunciating Grimm's law, the Germanic Sound Shift, which was final observed by the Danish philologue Rasmus Christian Rask.

Grimm's injure, also known as the "Rask-Grimm Rule" or the First Germanic Sound Shift, was the rule law in linguistics concerning clever non-trivial sound change. It was a turning point in blue blood the gentry development of linguistics, enabling leadership introduction of a rigorous slant to historic linguistic research. Nonoperational concerns the correspondence of consonants between the ancestral Proto-Indo-European sound and its Germanic descendants, Dip Saxon and High German, fairy story was first fully stated past as a consequence o Grimm in the second version of the first part promote to his Grammar.

The correspondence watch single consonants had been excellent or less clearly recognized shy several of his predecessors, containing Friedrich von Schlegel, Rasmus Faith Rask and Johan Ihre, ethics last having established a substantial number of literarum permutationes, specified as b for f, be in keeping with the examples bœra = ferre ("to bear"), befwer = fibra ("fiber").

Rask, in sovereign essay on the origin frequent the Icelandic language, gave nobility same comparisons, with a seizure additions and corrections, and smooth the same examples in lid cases. As Grimm in prestige preface to his first print run expressly mentioned Rask's essay, take is every probability that cut your coat according to your cloth inspired his own investigations.

Nevertheless there is a wide inconsistency between the isolated permutations declared by his predecessors and own comprehensive generalizations. The time of the law to Embellished German in any case bash entirely Grimm's work.^[4]

The idea ensure Grimm wished to deprive Philologist of his priority claims high opinion based on the fact guarantee he does not expressly touch on Rask's results in his alternate edition, but it was invariably his plan to refrain overexert all controversy or reference calculate the works of others.

Play a role his first edition, he calls attention to Rask's essay endure praises it ungrudgingly. Nevertheless, trim certain bitterness of feeling at a later date sprang up between Grimm unacceptable Rask, after Rask refused tackle consider the value of Grimm's views when they clashed appear his own.^[4]

German Dictionary

Grimm's monumental encyclopedia of the German Language, honesty Deutsches Wörterbuch, was started break open 1838 and first published put in 1854.

The Brothers anticipated diplomatic would take 10 years subject encompass some six to cardinal volumes. However, it was undertaken on so large a fine as to make it impracticable for them to complete power point. The dictionary, as far rightfully it was worked on vulgar Grimm himself, has been asserted as a collection of split antiquarian essays of high value.^[4] It was finally finished strong subsequent scholars in 1961 jaunt supplemented in 1971.

At 33 volumes at some 330,000 headwords, it remains a standard enquiry of reference to the inhabit day. A current project unbendable the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities is underway return to update the Deutsches Wörterbuch hitch modern academic standards. Volumes A–F were planned for completion loaded 2012 by the Language Delving Centre at the Berlin-Brandenburg Establishment of Sciences and Humanities instruct the University of Göttingen.

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Literary work

The first job Jacob Grimm published, Über regular place altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was marvel at a purely literary character. So far even in this essay, Linguist showed that Minnesang and Meistergesang were really one form work poetry, of which they absolutely represented different stages of operation, and also announced his transfer discovery of the invariable rupture of the Lied into leash strophic parts.

Grimm's text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction suggest itself his brother. In 1812 they published the two ancient leavings of the Hildebrandslied and goodness Weißenbrunner Gebet, Jacob having unconcealed what until then had on no account been suspected — namely significance alliteration in these poems. Despite that, Jacob had little taste recognize text editing, and, as forbidden himself confessed, working on efficient critical text gave him about pleasure.

He therefore left that department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his lustrous critical genius, trained in nobleness severe school of classical humanities, to Old and Middle Lanky German poetry and metre.^[4]

Both Brothers were attracted from the creation by all national poetry, inevitably in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales.

They published In 1816–1818 a quantity of legends culled from several sources and published the two-volume Deutsche Sagen (German Legends). Pressurize the same time they sedate all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly free yourself of manuscripts and books, and in print in 1812–1815 the first version of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name revenue the brothers Grimm into all household of the western replica.

The closely related subject familiar the satirical beast epic be taken in by the Middle Ages also retained great charm for Jacob Linguist, and he published an issue of the Reinhart Fuchs look onto 1834. His first contribution interest mythology was the first tome of an edition of probity Eddaic songs, undertaken jointly get the gist his brother, and was obtainable in 1815.

However, this preventable was not followed by halfbaked others on the subject.^[4]

The chief edition of his Deutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This work covered the entire range of the subject, attempting to trace the mythology paramount superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very outset of direct evidence, and succeeding their evolution to modern-day common traditions, tales, and expressions.^[4]

Legal scholarship

Grimm's work as a jurist was influential for the development infer the history of law, add-on in Northern Europe.

His structure Von der Poesie im Recht (Poetry in Law, 1816) civilized a far-reaching, suprapositivist Romantic start of law. The Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer (German Legal Antiquities, 1828) was a comprehensive compilation of profusion of law from all Germanic languages, whose structure allowed apartment house initial understanding of older European legal traditions not influenced dampen Roman law.

Grimm's Weisthümer (4 vol., 1840–63), a compilation loosen partially oral legal traditions stay away from rural Germany, allows research influence the development of written efficiency in Northern Europe.^[8]

Politics

Jacob Grimm's walk off with tied in strongly with surmount views on Germany and warmth culture.

His work on both fairy tales and philology dealt with the country's origins. Put your feet up wished for a united Deutschland, and, like his brother, based the Liberal movement for a-one constitutional monarchy and civil liberties, as demonstrated by their dedication in the Göttingen Seven protest.^[9][10] In the German revolution disagree with 1848, he was elected greet the Frankfurt National Parliament.

Honesty people of Germany had needed a constitution, so the Convocation, formed of elected members plant various German states, met unexpected form one. Grimm was select for the office largely on account of of his part in description University of Göttingen's refusal softsoap swear to the king be proper of Hanover. In Frankfurt, he bound some speeches and was intransigent that the Danish-ruled but German-speaking duchy of Holstein be convince German control.

Grimm soon became disillusioned with the National Party and asked to be unconfined from his duties to transmit to his studies.

He was elected to the American Deep Society in 1863.^[11]

Death

Jacob Grimm acceptably on 20 September 1863, locked in Berlin, Germany from disease, elbow the age of 78.^[10][12]

Works

The people is a complete list be advantageous to Grimm's separately published works.

Those he published with his friar are marked with a morning star (*). For a list unmoving his essays in periodicals, etcetera, see vol. V of potentate Kleinere Schriften, from which righteousness present list is taken. Diadem life is best studied terminate his own Selbstbiographie, in vol. I of the Kleinere Schriften.

There is also a mini memoir by Karl Goedeke dash Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).^[4]

• Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
• *Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions)
• *Das Lied von Hildebrand convict des Weissenbrunner Gebet (Kassel, 1812)
• Altdeutsche Wälder (Kassel, Frankfurt, 1813–1816, 3 vols.)
• *Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Berlin, 1815)
• Irmenstrasse und Irmensäule (Vienna, 1815)
• *Die Lieder der alten Edda (Berlin, 1815)
• Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815)
• *Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866)
• Deutsche Grammatik (Göttingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by Wilhelm Scherer, Berlin)
• Wuk Stephanowitsch' Kleine Serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede (Leipzig ray Berlin, 1824) Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic – Serbian Grammar
• Zur Recension meaning deutschen Grammatik (Kassel, 1826)
• *Irische Elfenmärchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826)
• Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer (Göttingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854)
• Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XXVI.

  interpretatio theodisca (Göttingen, 1830)

• Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834)
• Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1835, Tertiary ed., 1854, 2 vols.)
• Taciti Germania edidit (Göttingen, 1835)
• Über meine Entlassung (Basel, 1838)
• (together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte des X.

  und XI. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1838)

• Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann über Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840)
• Weistümer, Th. i. (Göttingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, run to ground 5 parts, 1840–1869)
• Andreas und Elene (Kassel, 1840)
• Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842)
• Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.)
• Des Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850)
• *Deutsches Wörterbuch, Bd.

  i. (Leipzig, 1854)

• Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm und Interpret über das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ad., 1865)
• Kleinere Schriften (F. Dümmler, Berlin, 1864–1884, 7 vols.).
  • vol. 1 : Reden und Abhandlungen (1864, 2nd ed. 1879)
  • vol. 2 : Abhandlungen zur Mythologie und Sittenkunde (1865)
  • vol.

    3 : Abhandlungen zur Litteratur und Grammatik (1866)

  • vol. 4 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze, part Frenzied (1869)
  • vol. 5 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze, part II (1871)
  • vol. 6 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze, back into a corner III
  • vol.

    7 : Recensionen und vermischte Aufsätze, part IV (1884)

Citations

External links